7.1 ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: Human activities have physical, chemical, and biological consequences for the atmosphere.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE STB-2.A Identify the sources and effects of air pollutants.

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE:

• Coal combustion releases air pollutants including carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, toxic metals, and particulates.
• The combustion of fossil fuels releases nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere. They lead to the production of ozone, formation of photochemical smog, and convert to nitric acid in the atmosphere, causing acid rain. Other pollutants produced by fossil fuel combustion include carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter.
• Air quality can be affected through the release of sulfur dioxide during the burning of fossil fuels, mainly diesel fuels.
• Through the Clean Air Act, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulated the use of lead, particularly in fuels, which dramatically decreased the amount of lead in the atmosphere.
• Air pollutants can be primary or secondary pollutants.

7.2 ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: Human activities have physical, chemical, and biological consequences for the atmosphere.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE STB-2.B Explain the causes and effects of photochemical smog and methods to reduce it.

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE:

• Photochemical smog is formed when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic hydrocarbons react with heat and sunlight to produce a variety of pollutants.
• Many environmental factors affect the formation of photochemical smog.
• Nitrogen oxide is produced early in the day. Ozone concentrations peak in the afternoon and are higher in the summer because ozone is produced by chemical reactions between oxygen and sunlight.
• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), such as formaldehyde and gasoline, evaporate or sublimate at room temperature. Trees are a natural source of VOCs.
• Photochemical smog often forms in urban areas because of the large number of motor vehicles there.
• Photochemical smog can be reduced through the reduction of nitrogen oxide and VOCs.
• Photochemical smog can harm human health in several ways, including causing respiratory problems and eye irritation.

7.3 ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: Human activities have physical, chemical, and biological consequences for the atmosphere.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE STB-2.C Describe thermal inversion and its relationship with pollution.

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE:

• During a thermal inversion, the normal temperature gradient in the atmosphere is altered as the air temperature at the Earth’s surface is cooler than the air at higher altitudes.
• Thermal inversion traps pollution close to the ground, especially smog and particulates.

7.4 ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: Human activities have physical, chemical, and biological consequences for the atmosphere.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE STB-2.D Describe natural sources of CO2 and particulates.

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE:

• CO2 appears naturally in the atmosphere from sources such as respiration, decomposition, and volcanic eruptions.
• There are a variety of natural sources of particulate matter.

7.5 ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: Human activities have physical, chemical, and biological consequences for the atmosphere.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE STB-2.E Identify indoor air pollutants. STB-2.F Describe the effects of indoor air pollutants.

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE:

• Carbon monoxide is an indoor air pollutant that is classified as an asphyxiant.
• Indoor air pollutants that are classified as particulates include asbestos, dust, and smoke.
• Indoor air pollutants can come from natural sources, human-made sources, and combustion.
• Common natural source indoor air pollutants include radon, mold, and dust.
• Common human-made indoor air pollutants include insulation, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from furniture, paneling and carpets; formaldehyde from building materials, furniture, upholstery, and carpeting; and lead from paints.
• Common combustion air pollutants include carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, particulates, and tobacco smoke.
• Radon-222 is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is produced by the decay of uranium found in some rocks and soils.
• Radon gas can infiltrate homes as it moves up through the soil and enters homes via the basement or cracks in the walls or foundation. It is also dissolved in groundwater that enters homes through a well.
• Exposure to radon gas can lead to radon induced lung cancer, which is the second leading cause of lung cancer in America.

7.6 ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: Human activities have physical, chemical, and biological consequences for the atmosphere.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE STB-2.G Explain how air pollutants can be reduced at the source.

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE:

• Methods to reduce air pollutants include regulatory practices, conservation practices, and alternative fuels.
• A vapor recovery nozzle is an air pollution control device on a gasoline pump that prevents fumes from escaping into the atmosphere when fueling a motor vehicle.
• A catalytic converter is an air pollution control device for internal combustion engines that converts pollutants (CO, NOx, and hydrocarbons) in exhaust into less harmful molecules (CO2, N2, O2, and H2O).
• Wet and dry scrubbers are air pollution control devices that remove particulates and/or gases from industrial exhaust streams.
• Methods to reduce air pollution from coal burning power plants include scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators.

7.7 ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: Human activities have physical, chemical, and biological consequences for the atmosphere.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE STB-2.H Describe acid deposition. STB-2.I Describe the effects of acid deposition on the environment.

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE:

• Acid rain and deposition is due to nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides from anthropogenic and natural sources in the atmosphere.
• Nitric oxides that cause acid deposition come from motor vehicles and coal-burning power plants. Sulfur dioxides that cause acid deposition come from coal-burning power plants.
• Acid deposition mainly affects communities that are downwind from coal-burning power plants.
• Acid rain and deposition can lead to the acidification of soils and bodies of water and corrosion of human-made structures.
• Regional differences in soils and bedrock affect the impact that acid deposition has on the region—such as limestone bedrock’s ability to neutralize the effect of acid rain on lakes and ponds.

7.8 ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: Human activities have physical, chemical, and biological consequences for the atmosphere.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE STB-2.J Describe human activities that result in noise pollution and its effects.

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE:

• Noise pollution is sound at levels high enough to cause physiological stress and hearing loss.
• Sources of noise pollution in urban areas include transportation, construction, and domestic and industrial activity.
• Some effects of noise pollution on animals in ecological systems include stress, the masking of sounds used to communicate or hunt, damaged hearing, and causing changes to migratory routes.